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Insular illumination
Insular illumination refers to the production of illuminated manuscripts in the monasteries of Ireland and Great Britain between the 6th and 9th centuries, as well as in monasteries under their influence on the continent. It is characterised by decoration strongly influenced by goldsmithery, the constant use of interlacing, and the importance assigned to calligraphy. The most celebrated books of this sort are largely evangelaries. Around sixty manuscripts are known from this period.
== History ==
The insular artistic style began after the conversion of Ireland by St Patrick in the 4th and 5th centuries AD. The new religious institutions of Celtic Christianity, mostly organised around monasteries, ordered the creation of numerous works of art: goldsmithery, liturgical objects and vestments, and also manuscripts. Two types of manuscripts dominated: small format gospels to be used by preachers and missionaries or in private worship (e.g. the Book of Dimma and the Book of Mulling), and large works, reserved for the liturgical services of the monasteries (such as the Book of Kells).〔Bernard Meehan, ''Le Livre de Kells'', Thames & Hudson, 1995, ISBN 2878110900, p. 9-10〕
The Irish monks took part in the conversion of Scotland and the north of Great Britain, establishing numerous monasteries, such as Iona Abbey, founded by Columba in Scotland in 563 and Lindisfarne, founded by Aidan in Northumbria in 635. The Irish missionaries brought their art to Britain along with their religion. At the same time the south of Britain came under the direct influence of continental Christianity (especially Italian), over the course of the 6th and 7th centuries, especially after the Gregorian mission. Some Italian and Byzantine manuscripts came to the island as a result, influencing the development of insular illumination as well.〔Nordenfalk, p.96–107〕 In turn, the major centres of production were concentrated first in Northumbria, then in southern England and Kent over the 7th and 8th centuries. The monasteries in these places benefited from more conditions which were more prosperous than those in Ireland as well as from the protection and patronage of the Anglo-Saxon kings. The ''scriptoria'' of Lindisfarne and Iona were the most prolific at the end of the 8th century.〔Nordenfalk, p.25-26〕
At the end of the 7th century, several Irish missionaries led by Columbanus travelled to the Continent and contributed to the creation of several monasteries in France, Switzerland and Northern Italy. Columbanus' disciple, Saint Gall took part in the foundation of an abbey in Switzerland and was active in southern Germany. All these establishments helped to spread the insular calligraphy and decorative techniques to manuscripts produced on the continent in this period.〔 Often referred to as "," the manuscripts produced in northern France in the Carolingian period also show a direct insular influence.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=L'école franco-insulaire )〕
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